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TCNJ Chemistry Instrumentation
Operating Instructions
Varian Cary 100 UV
NOTE #1: Before conducting an experiment, you must choose the correct cuvette for your sample. ALWAYS use quartz cuvettes for organic samples. Use glass, quartz, or disposable plastic cuvettes for aqueous samples. The use of plastic cuvettes is preferred for aqueous samples; however quartz cuvettes should be used if scanning in the UV range (below 350nm).
NOTE #2: There are two sections in the sample compartment: one for sample cuvettes (front section), and a second for reference cuvettes (back section). For every sample cuvette placed in the front section, there should always be a corresponding cuvette filled with solvent (a 'blank') in the back section. This is because the instrument alternates between scanning the sample beam and the reference beam to correct for any variation in light that may occur.
NOTE #3: Make sure to push the cuvettes all the way down when you place them in the sample compartment. You can remove them at the end of the analysis by pulling the silver knob on the front of the cell changer.
The Cary Software (Win UV) allows you to perform several experiments. Here are instructions for using some of the most common applications:
Simple Reads (Performing a single wavelength measurement)
Set up instrument parameters
1. Click the "Setup" button or select Setup from the Menu line to display the Setup window.
2. Select 'Read at Wavelength' and enter the required wavelength.
3. In the Y Mode group select the button corresponding to the ordinate mode you require (usually 'Absorbance'). The ordinate mode determines the way in which the photometric value is measured and displayed in your report.
4. Click "OK". The instrument will change to the selected wavelength.
Zero the Instrument
1. Make sure you have a cuvette filled with solvent (your 'blank') in the first position of the front section of the cell holder and click "Zero". The value in the upper left corner of the Simple Reads window will change to zero.
2. Remove the blank.
Read the sample
1. Place your sample in the first position of the front section of the cell holder. (Make sure a corresponding blank is in the back section of the cell holder!)
2. Make sure the instrument is at the correct wavelength. The current wavelength is displayed in the upper right corner of the window.
3. Click the "Read" button to perform measurements on your sample at the specified wavelength. The results appear in the Report area (bottom half of window).
Print the results
1. Press the "Print" button in the lower left corner of the window to print the contents of the Report area.
Advanced Reads (Performing a single wavelength measurement with more advanced data collection parameters)
Set up data collection parameters
1. Click the "Setup" button or select Setup from the Menu line to display the Setup window. Several tabs will appear in the Setup window.
2. Click on the Cary tab.
a. In the Wavelength field, enter the relevant wavelength.
b. In the Ave Time field, enter the required value. A good starting point is 0.1 sec.
c. Enter the required spectral bandwidth in the SBW field. A good starting point is 2nm. If using a microcell, a smaller SBW should be selected.
d. Select 'Replicates' or 'Sample Averaging'. ('Replicates' is usually used.) For Replicates, enter the number or replicates of each sample that you would like read. For Sample Averaging, enter '2' for duplicate aliquots of the same sample type.
e. Select the ordinate mode you require from the drop down list in the Y Mode field (usually 'Absorbance'). Enter a Factor if you have selected 'Abs*F'.
3. Click on the Options tab.
a. Check 'Auto lamps off' to automatically turn off the lamps at the end of data collection if desired. This option is especially useful when performing reads overnight or unattended for long periods of time.
b. Click the "UV" or "VIS" button to choose the appropriate lamp for your analysis.
c. Make sure the Source Changeover value is set to 350nm.
d. Make sure the Beam Mode is set to 'Double Beam'.
4. Click on the Samples tab.
a. Enter the number of samples in the Number of Samples field. The table below expands or contracts to match your choice.
b. In the Samples table, enter the name of each sample. You can enter up to 20 characters for each name.
c. If the samples have the same name with a different numeric extension, enter the name in the first sample position and then press the "Increment" button.
5. Click on the Reports tab.
a. Enter your name and comments in the Name and Comment fields respectively (if desired).
b. Set up your report style by selecting the appropriate checkboxes in the Options group. (Do not check 'Auto Print'.)
6. Click on the Auto Store tab.
a. Select 'Storage on' if you want to save your data, method and report. Select 'Storage off' if you do not want to save the method, data, or report. If 'Storage off' is selected, you can manually save everything at the end of data collection.
b. Select Show Status Display to display information for your current analysis.
7. The temperature controller and cell changer are not typically used in the Advanced Reads application; therefore you do not need to change anything in the Accessories 1 tab.
8. Click "OK" to close the Setup window.
Zero the instrument
1. Make sure you have a cuvette filled with solvent (your 'blank') in the first position of the front section of the cell holder and click "Zero".
2. Click "OK" to zero the instrument using the blank.
Read samples
1. Click the "Start" button.
2. Select the samples you would like to read from the Sample Selection window and click "OK".
3. The Present Sample window will prompt you to place the appropriate sample in the first position of the front section of the cell holder. (Make sure a corresponding blank sample is in the back section of the cell holder!)
4. Click "OK" to read the sample. Repeat for remaining samples.
Save and print data
1. Save your data manually, if necessary.
2. Press the "Print" button in the lower left corner of the window to print the contents of the Report area.
Scan (scanning over a selected wavelength range)
Set up data collection parameters
1. Click the "Setup" button or select Setup from the Menu line to display the Setup window. Several tabs will appear in the Setup window.
2. Click on the Cary tab.
a. Set the appropriate abscissa mode in the X Mode field (usually nanometers).
b. Set the wavelength range by entering values you require in the Start/Stop fields.
c. In the Y Mode field, select the ordinate mode (usually 'Abs').
d. Enter a lower and upper range in the Y min and Y max entry fields to specify the displayed ordinate range (typically -0.05 and 1.00, respectively). You can use the "Autoscale" button during data collection to automatically scale the display.
e. Set the speed of the data collection by setting the Ave Time and Data Interval. The Data Interval is the wavelength increment between data points. For the Ave Time, a good starting point is 0.1 sec. For the Data Interval, a good starting point is 1.0nm.
f. The Scan Rate will automatically update when selected.
g. Make sure that Cycle Mode is not selected.
3. Click on the Options tab.
a. Enter the required spectral bandwidth in the SBW field. A good starting point is 2nm. If using a microcell, a smaller SBW should be selected. The SBW should be at least twice the Data Interval selected in the Cary tab.
b. Set the Beam Mode (usually 'Double').
c. Click the "UV/VIS" button to turn on both lamps.
d. Check 'Auto lamps off' to automatically turn off the lamps at the end of data collection if desired. This option is especially useful when performing scans overnight or unattended for long periods of time.
e. Make sure the Source Changeover value is set to 350nm.
f. Check the 'Signal-to-Noise Mode' box if a specific signal to noise ratio must be achieved. Set the required values for the Acceptable S/N and the S/N Timeout (S/N=10,000 and S/N Timeout=0.100 are typical).
g. In the Display Options group, select 'Individual Data' to display the collected data of each sample in individual graph boxes. Choose 'Overlay Data' to superimpose the collected data of each sample in one graph box.
4. Click on the Baseline tab (if you would like to perform a baseline correction).
a. Select 'Baseline Correction' to perform a baseline correction on each sample data point.
b. Choose 'Zero/baseline correction' as the baseline correction type.
NOTE: Using a stored baseline file is not recommended; therefore you should not retrieve a saved baseline file. A new baseline should be measured prior to any sample or set of samples you analyze in a given day.
5. Click on the Reports tab.
a. Enter your name and comments in the Name and Comment fields respectively (if desired).
b. Set up your report style by selecting the appropriate checkboxes in the Options group. (Do not check 'Auto Print'.)
c. Set up Peak Table reporting.
i. Select Peak Labels.
ii. Click "Peak Information" and choose the Peak Type and Labels Type. Set the Peak Threshold and click "OK".
iii. Select Maximum Peak to report the peak with the largest peak threshold that exceeds the Peak Threshold value. Select All Peaks to report all peaks exceeding the Threshold value.
6. Click on the Auto Store tab.
a. Select 'Storage on' if you want to save your data, method and report. Select 'Storage off' if you do not want to save the method, data, or report. If 'Storage off' is selected, you can manually save everything at the end of data collection.
b. Select Show Status Display to display information for your current analysis.
7. The temperature controller and cell changer are not typically used in the Scan application. If you need to use these for a special experiment, click on the Accessories 1 tab.
a. Select 'Use Cell Changer' to enable the accessory.
b. Choose 6 x 6 as the type of Multicell Holder.
c. Choose 'Select Cells' and select the cells you require from the available cells in the Use Cells group.
d. Check 'Multi Zero'.
e. Ensure that "Blank Correction" is not checked.
f. Select 'Automatic Temperature Setting' and select the Temperature Controller to enable the accessory.
g. Set the monitoring temperature (block temperature).
h. In the Temperature Display group, select 'Block' and 'Probe 1' to turn on monitoring of the Multicell Holder block and one temperature probe.
8. Click "OK" to close the Setup window.
Zero the instrument
1. Make sure you have a cuvette filled with solvent (your 'blank') in the first position of the front section of the cell holder and click "Zero".
2. Click "OK" to zero the instrument using the blank.
Measure the baseline (if you are performing a baseline correction)
1. Click the "Baseline" button on the left side of the Scan window.
2. Make sure your blank sample is in the first position of the front section of the cell holder, and click "OK" to collect the first baseline spectrum (0% absorbance/100% transmittance).
3. When prompted, block the sample beam with an index card. To find the sample beam, open the sample compartment lid and look to the left of the sample holder. You will see two rectangular holes. Block the front hole with an index card. Click "OK" to collect the second baseline spectrum (100% absorbance, 0% transmittance).
4. After the baseline is measured, the word 'baseline' will appear in red in the upper left corner of the Scan window, indicating that you are in baseline correction mode and have a valid baseline file for the correction. (If the word 'baseline' is gray and italicized, the baseline file is still valid.)
Scan samples
1. Click the "Start" button.
2. Place your sample in the first position of the front section of the cell holder. (Make sure a corresponding blank sample is in the back section of the cell holder!)
3. Enter a name for your sample, and click "OK".
NOTE: If for a particular point, the set Acceptable S/N cannot be met in the set S/N Timeout time, then the Cary will collect the point as normal (using the S/N Timeout as the Ave Time) and display the message SNR Timeout in the hardware status area (thin, gray area at the bottom of the Scan window).
Save and print data
1. After the Cary is done scanning, the Save As window will appear if you selected 'Storage On' in the Auto Store tab. Enter a name for your file and click "Save". The Cary will then create a report. If you selected 'Storage Off', save your data manually (if desired).
2. Press the "Print" button in the lower left corner of the window to print the contents of the Report area.
Thermal
Set up data collection parameters
1. Click the "Setup" button or select Setup from the Menu line to display the Setup window. Several tabs will appear in the Setup window.
2. Click on the Cary tab.
a. In the Wavelength field enter the wavelength that you want monitored.
b. Enter the required spectral bandwidth in the SBW field. A good starting point is 2nm. If using a microcell, a smaller SBW should be selected.
c. Set the speed of the data collection by setting the Ave Time. A good starting point is 0.1-0.5 sec. For slow changes in temperature (i.e. slow ramp rates) use a longer average time (e.g. 2-3 seconds).
d. Enter a lower and upper range in the Y min and Y max entry fields to specify the displayed ordinate range (typically 0.00 and 2.00, respectively). You can use the "Autoscale" button during data collection to automatically scale the display.
e. In the Start °C field, enter the temperature at which you want to start the data collection.
f. In the Return °C field, enter the temperature that you want the Temperature Controller to go to at the end of the data collection.
g. Use Monitor to specify whether the temperature will be measured at the Block or Probe.
h. Select Simple Collect to set a single rate of temperature change for the entire Thermal run.
i. Enter the Data Interval, Ramp Rate, End Temperature, and Hold Time. (The instrument will equilibrate for the "Hold Time" before the run starts.)
j. Select the stage(s) where you want to collect data in the Collect Data column by clicking in the corresponding box(es). A red check mark will appear in each selected box.
3. Click on the Options tab.
a. Click the "UV" or "VIS" button to choose the appropriate lamp for your analysis.
b. Check 'Auto lamps off' to automatically turn off the lamps at the end of data collection if desired. This option is especially useful when performing Thermal data collections overnight or unattended for long periods of time.
c. Make sure the Source Changeover value is set to 350nm.
d. In the Display Options group, select 'Individual Data' to display the collected data of each sample in individual graph boxes. Choose 'Overlay Data' to superimpose the collected data of each sample in one graph box.
4. Click on the Accessories tab.
a. Select 'Use Cell Changer' to enable the accessory.
b. Choose 'Select Cells' and select the cells you require from the available cells in the Use Cells group.
c. Check 'Multi Zero'.
d. Ensure that "Blank Correction" is not checked.
5. Click on the Analyze tab.
a. Select smoothing if desired. Choose the smoothing Interval and Filter Size to control the number of measurement points to be averaged. (See 5.d.i. and 5.d.ii. for more about the smoothing Interval and Filter Size.)
b. Select 'Derivative' to calculate the temperature at which 50% of the DNA strands have separated (Tm).
c. Select 'Autocalculate' to automatically perform a derivative calculation at the end of each run. (Note: You can also perform the derivative calculation manually, once the run is completed.)
d. Define the range over which to calculate and plot the first derivative of the selected scan:
i. Enter the Derivative Interval. The selection of the Derivative Interval is dependent on the rate of data collection. To calculate the rate of data collection, divide the Ramp Rate by 60 and then multiply by the Ave Time. If you are using the cell changer, multiply this value by the number of samples you are analyzing. If data is collected every 0.1°C then a derivative interval of 0.1°C will give the most accurate result. (If the derivative interval is not a round number, you can always change the ramp rate in the Cary tab.)
ii. Enter the Filter Size you require for the derivative calculation. The Filter Size represents the number of data points that are averaged to produce a new, smoothed point during the derivative calculation.
iii. Enter the temperature where you want to start the calculation in the Low Calculation Limit field.
iv. Enter the temperature where you want to end the calculation in the High Calculation Limit field.
6. Click on the Reports tab.
a. Enter your name and comments in the Name and Comment fields respectively (if desired).
b. Set up your report style by selecting the appropriate checkboxes in the Options group. (Do not check 'Auto Print'.)
7. Click on the Auto Store tab.
a. Select 'Storage on' if you want to save your data, method and report. Select 'Storage off' if you do not want to save the method, data, or report. If 'Storage off' is selected, you can manually save everything at the end of data collection.
b. Select Show Status Display to display information for your current analysis.
8. Click "OK" to close the Setup window.
Zero the instrument
1. Click "Zero". A Loading Guide dialog is displayed.
2. Make sure you have a cuvette filled with solvent (your 'blank') in the first position of the front section of the cell holder and click "Zero".
3. Click "OK" to zero the instrument using the blank.
Analyze samples
1. Using the status display, make sure that the Cary has reached the Start temperature. If you do not see the status display, click 'View' and then click 'Status Display'.
2. Place your samples in the front section of the cell holder. (Make sure corresponding blank samples are in the back section of the cell holder!) Wait a few minutes for your samples to equilibrate to the Start temperature.
3. Click "Start". The system will display the Save As dialog if you selected 'Storage On' in the Auto Store tab.
4. Enter a name for your file and click "save". The system will display a Cell Loading Guide dialog.
5. Enter the names of your samples in the text entry field then click "OK". The Cary will wait for the specified Hold Time and then perform the run.
6. At the end of the run, depending on what you have set in previous steps, the User Data Form may appear. If it does, fill in the appropriate entries in the columns provided for each sample and click "OK".
Save and print data
1. After the Cary is done scanning, save your data manually (if desired).
2. Press the "Print" button in the lower left corner of the window to print the contents of the Report area.
Kinetics
Set up data collection parameters
1. Click the "Setup" button or select Setup from the Menu line to display the Setup window. Several tabs will appear in the Setup window.
2. Click on the Accessories 1 tab.
a. Select 'Use Cell Changer' to enable the accessory.
b. Choose 6 x 6 as the type of Multicell Holder.
c. Choose 'Select Cells' and select the cells you require from the available cells in the Use Cells group.
d. Check 'Multi Zero'.
e. Ensure that "Blank Correction" is not checked.
f. Select 'Automatic Temperature Setting' and select the Temperature Controller to enable the accessory.
g. Set the monitoring temperature (block temperature).
h. In the Temperature Display group, select 'Block' and 'Probe 1' to turn on monitoring of the Multicell Holder block and one temperature probe.
3. Click on the Cary tab.
a. In the Wavelength field, enter the relevant wavelength.
b. In the Ave Time field, enter the required value. A good starting point is 0.1 sec.
c. Enter the required spectral bandwidth in the SBW field. A good starting point is 2nm. If using a microcell, a smaller SBW should be selected.
d. Select the ordinate mode you require in the Y Mode field ("Abs" or "%T").
e. Enter a lower and upper range in the Y min and Y max entry fields to specify the displayed ordinate range (typically 0.000 and 2.000, respectively). You can use the "Autoscale" button during data collection to automatically scale the display.
f. Set the appropriate abscissa mode in the X Mode field ("Min" or "Sec").
g. In the Monitor field choose where you are going to monitor the temperature. The "Start" button will not be enabled until the temperature of the selected Monitor is within 0.5°C of the Block temperature set in the Accessories tab.
h. Select Simple Collect to set a single timeframe ("cycle") for data collection. Enter the Cycle Start and Cycle Stop times.
4. Click on the Options tab.
a. Click the "UV" or "VIS" button to choose the appropriate lamp for your analysis.
b. Check 'Auto lamps off' to automatically turn off the lamps at the end of data collection if desired. This option is especially useful when performing Kinetics data collections overnight or unattended for long periods of time.
c. Make sure the Source Changeover value is set to 350nm.
d. In the Display Options group, select 'Individual Data' to display the collected data of each sample in individual graph boxes. Choose 'Overlay Data' to superimpose the collected data of each sample in one graph box.
5. Click on the Analyze tab.
a. Select 'Auto Calculate' to automatically perform a rate calculation at the end of each run.
b. Enter the start time, stop time, and rate order that will be used for the calculation. If you select a 'first order' or 'second order' Simple Calculate rate calculation, you can use the Manual Guess group to manually enter the parameters A0, AInf, and Rate (k).
c. If you want to calculate enzyme activity, enter a value in the Factor field. This multiplication factor is applied to the absorbance.
d. If you are performing a second order reaction, enter the initial concentrate of substrate before reaction.
e. Select 'Display Fit' to automatically overlay the calculated lines of best fit onto the plotted data.
6. Click on the Reports tab.
a. Enter your name and comments in the Name and Comment fields respectively (if desired).
b. Set up your report style by selecting the appropriate checkboxes in the Options group. (Do not check 'Auto Print'.)
7. Click on the Auto Store tab.
a. Select 'Storage on' if you want to save your data, method and report. Select 'Storage off' if you do not want to save the method, data, or report. If 'Storage off' is selected, you can manually save everything at the end of data collection.
b. Select Show Status Display to display information for your current analysis.
8. Click "OK" to close the Setup window.
Zero the instrument
1. Click "Zero". A Loading Guide dialog is displayed.
2. Make sure you have a cuvette filled with solvent (your 'blank') in the first position of the front section of the cell holder and click "Zero".
3. Click "OK" to zero the instrument using the blank.
Analyze samples
1. Click "Start". Do not add your active reagent at this time! The system will display the Save As dialog if you selected 'Storage On' in the Auto Store tab.
2. Enter a name for your file and click "save". The system will display a Cell Loading Guide dialog.
3. If you want, change the names of your samples.
4. Place your samples in the front section of the cell holder. (Make sure corresponding blank samples are in the back section of the cell holder!)
5. Click "OK". The system will set up the Graphics area and then the Sync Start dialog will appear.
6. Reset the Multicell Holder to position to cell 1 using the "reset Slide" button.
7. Add your active reagent just before the Count Down reaches 0:00, or commence data collection by clicking "OK".
Save and print data
1. After the Cary is done scanning, save your data manually (if desired).
2. Press the "Print" button in the lower left corner of the window to print the contents of the Report area.
Concentration
Set up data collection parameters
1. Click the "Setup" button or select Setup from the Menu line to display the Setup window. Several tabs will appear in the Setup window.
2. Click on the Cary tab.
a. In the Wavelength field, enter the relevant wavelength.
b. In the Ave Time field, enter the required value. A good starting point is 0.1 sec.
c. Enter the required spectral bandwidth in the SBW field. A good starting point is 2nm. If using a microcell, a smaller SBW should be selected.
d. Select 'Replicates' or 'Sample Averaging'. ('Replicates' is usually used.) For Replicates, enter the number or replicates of each sample that you would like read. For Sample Averaging, enter '2' for duplicate aliquots of the same sample type.
e. Select the ordinate mode you require in the Y Mode field ("Abs" or "Emission").
f. Enter a lower and upper range in the Y min and Y max entry fields to specify the displayed ordinate range (typically 0.0000 and 2.0000, respectively). These are starting values only. The software will automatically rescale the calibration graph as the standards are measured.
3. Click on the Standards tab.
a. Select 'Calibrate During Run' to perform a calibration when the "Start" button is pressed.
b. Select the appropriate units of concentration.
c. Set the Standards field to the number of standards that you are using. The table below will expand or contract to match your choice.
d. In the Standards table, enter the concentration of each standard in the 'Conc' column.
e. Select the type of curve fitting required for your calibration in the 'Fit Type' group.
f. Enter the required R2 value or correlation coefficient into the Min R2 field. The closer the number is to 1.000 the better the fit. Typically, 0.95 is used.
4. Click on the Options tab.
a. Click the "UV" or "VIS" button to choose the appropriate lamp for your analysis.
b. Check 'Auto lamps off' to automatically turn off the lamps at the end of data collection if desired. This option is especially useful when performing Concentration runs overnight or unattended for long periods of time.
c. Make sure the Source Changeover value is set to 350nm.
d. In the Display Options group, select 'Individual Data' to display the collected data of each sample in individual graph boxes. Choose 'Overlay Data' to superimpose the collected data of each sample in one graph box.
e. Set the Beam Mode (usually 'Double'). The SBW should be at least twice the Data Interval selected in the Cary tab.
5. Click on the Samples tab.
a. Enter the number of samples in the Number of Samples field. The table below expands or contracts to match your choice.
b. In the Samples table, enter the name of each sample. You can enter up to 20 characters for each name.
c. If the samples have the same name with a different numeric extension, enter the name in the first sample position and then press the "Increment" button.
d. Select 'Corrections' in the Weight/Volume Corrections group to enter correction factors, if needed.
i. Enter the theoretical sample weight in the Method Weight field. This is the weight of the sample specified in your method.
ii. Enter the weight units in the Units field.
iii. Enter the theoretical sample volume in the Method Volume field. This is the volume to which the method tells you to make the sample.
iv. Enter the volume units in the Units field.
e. In the Samples table, enter the actual weight and volume for each sample.
6. Click on the Reports tab.
a. Enter your name and comments in the Name and Comment fields respectively (if desired).
b. Set up your report style by selecting the appropriate checkboxes in the Options group. (Do not check 'Auto Print'.)
7. Click on the Auto Store tab.
a. Select 'Storage on' if you want to save your data, method and report. Select 'Storage off' if you do not want to save the method, data, or report. If 'Storage off' is selected, you can manually save everything at the end of data collection.
b. Select Show Status Display to display information for your current analysis.
8. The temperature controller and cell changer are not typically used in the Concentration application; therefore you do not need to change anything in the Accessories 1 tab.
9. Click "OK" to close the Setup window.
Zero the instrument
1. Make sure you have a cuvette filled with solvent (your 'blank') in the first position of the front section of the cell holder and click "Zero".
2. Click "OK" to zero the instrument using the blank.
Read standards
1. Click the "Start" button.
2. Select the standards and samples to be used in the analysis from the Standard/Sample Selection dialog. By default all standards and samples are selected.
3. Click "OK".
4. The Present Standard dialog will prompt you to place the appropriate standard in the first position of the front section of the cell holder. (Make sure a corresponding blank sample is in the back section of the cell holder!)
5. Click "OK" to read the standard. Repeat for the remaining standards. The Cary will calculate the calibration and the correlation coefficient.
6. If the set correlation coefficient (R2) value is not met, the Cary will prompt you with 'Min R2 test failed'. When you press "OK", the Cary will then prompt you with 'There is no valid calibration. Proceed in Abs (or Emission)?'. If you click "Cancel", the Concentration run will finish. If you click "Yes", the Cary will measure the absorbance or emission of any presented samples, but will not generate a concentration.
Read samples
1. Once all the standards have been read, the Present Sample dialog will prompt you to place the appropriate sample in the first position of the front section of the cell holder. (Make sure a corresponding blank sample is in the back section of the cell holder!)
2. Click "OK" to measure the sample and calculate its concentration. (If replicates have been used, then the concentration is calculated after the final sample replicate is read.) Repeat for the remaining samples.
Save and print data
1. Save your data manually, if necessary.
2. Press the "Print" button in the lower left corner of the window to print the contents of the Report area.
