British Literature to the Restoration

Dr. Jean E. Graham (graham at tcnj at edu)

LIT 25101, fall 2004

MR 10:00-11:20, Bliss 145

Office hours M 11:30-12:00 and 01:30-1:50; F 10:00-12:00; TF 1:30-1:50

(Bliss 225, x3233)


For the old English major and minor, this course is the approved replacement for ENGL228 English Literature to the Restoration; it was not approved by the appropriate college committee to count for General Education.  In the new English major (ENGA, including all dual majors, and ENGT), LIT 251 fulfills the pre-1660 literary history requirement; it also counts as an elective for the English minor, and for literary, visual, and performing arts in Liberal Learning.

Course description

In this course, we will take a close look at specific literary techniques and (sub-)genres, and at aspects of British culture (including a variety of ideas about gender, race and ethnicity, religion, class structure and politics), in a few examples of early British literature.  The course is designed to engage students in the analysis and interpretation of texts in their diverse historical, aesthetic, cultural, and theoretical contexts; and to lead to an understanding and appreciation of the development of literary traditions, cultural values, modes of thought, and uses of language. More specifically, students will learn to analyze pre-1660 British literature for meaning and style; to use appropriate strategies and research tools to explore unfamiliar words and allusions, and relevant cultural contexts; and to recognize basic characteristics of specific periods and genres.

Learning Goals

 

1. Reach a deeper understanding of why we value early British literature in a postmodern global society (including recognition of stylistic influences), and a basic understanding of postmodern criticism of early British literature.

 

2. Demonstrate the ability to read Early Modern and Late Medieval English literature in the original Modern and Middle English, and other early British literature in translation, making appropriate use of the Oxford English Dictionary and other reference tools.

 

3. Understand more about the producers and original consumers of early British literature:

  1. why and how people composed, wrote, read, and listened to what we now call “Literature”;
  2. their aesthetic values (e.g., how they defined “poetry”); and
  3. their cultural values (e.g., how texts meant differently for them than they do for us). 

Course grade

Thousand-point scale: Each assignment gives you the opportunity to earn a certain number of points; and the total number of points available in the course is 1000. Your course grade will be calculated as follows:

Above 940 pts = A                         790-819 = C+
910-939 = A-                                   760-789 = C
880-909 = B+                                  730-759 = C-
850-879 = B                                    700-729 = D+
820-849 = B-                                   670-699 = D                         Below 670 = F

Essays: You will write three brief essays, each three to four double-spaced pages—a maximum of four pages—not including accompanying poetry; research is not required, but any source used other than the class texts and the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) must be acknowledged appropriately. Each essay is due in your SOCS drop-box before class on the date listed on the syllabus; it is to be double-spaced, and headed with your name, the assignment name or number, and the essay's title.  Using SOCS will give us both a record of the semester’s work and my feedback. For the SOCS heading, please use “Essay 1,” “Essay 2,” and so forth. 

 

Each essay will be evaluated according to the rubric for out-of-class essays (in SOCS).  Three notes that don’t fit on the rubric: 1) Accurate (A-level) citation of poetry includes spacing and the virgule—see the tips on quoting poetry, in SOCS.  2) The category “control of language and conventions” will be graded according to the principle of minimal marking.  In other words, I will read the entire paper for the first five categories on the rubric, but for the last category I’ll select a section (between a paragraph and a page in length) on which to use the virtual red pen.  3) Writing in the first person is always acceptable in this class, and expected on Essays 1 and 3.  (This falls somewhere between “audience” and “voice.”) 

 

Because of the number of students in the class, revision for a change of grade is not an option, and those who wish assistance (other than clarification of the assignment) prior to submitting the essay are encouraged to obtain it from Academic Enhancement, which offers in-person and online consultation.

 

Essay 1 (100 total points possible): The goal is to better understand Old English/Anglo-Saxon poetry by writing a brief poem according to some of its conventions (it’s your decision how many and which conventions).  The poem itself will not be judged for its quality, but completing it and putting some effort into revising it will earn you some points.  Thus, a week before the paper is due, you will show me a draft of the poem, and when you turn in the paper, you will include the same rough draft and the most-revised draft of the poem.  You may revise as many times as you like, but don’t be embarrassed to give me the earliest, roughest draft, since I’ll be looking for significant revision.  Note: the essay is due in SOCS before class, but if you don’t compose at the keyboard, it’s fine to bring to class and hand me the paper copy of the poem’s rough draft—the same copy I’ve checked off the week before.

 

The essay depends on the poem you have written: Using specific examples from your poem and at least one poem from the syllabus, describe what you have learned about Old English poetry and its translation into modern English.  Consider the following as suggestions: What conventions of Old English poetry did you attempt? Did you attempt a theme of the period?  How successful were you?  What aspect(s) gave you the most trouble, and why?  Did you use any specific poem as a model, and if so, how does your poem compare with your model?  How possible is it to write Old English poetry in modern English? 

 

First draft of poem: 5 points

Revised draft of poem: 5 points

Essay: 90 points

 

Essay 2 (100 total points possible): This essay is a close reading of a particular short poem or short passage of poetry, prose, or drama—I will assign the particular poem or passage, a different one for each student, at random.  Analyze the language, style, and structure of the poem or passage—for instance, punning or ambiguity in meaning, alliteration, figures of speech, repetition, rhyme scheme—making sure to connect this analysis with the meaning(s) and tone of the poem or passage.  If you have been assigned a passage from a longer text, you may choose to consider how the passage contributes to the text as a whole, but the close reading of the passage should remain the focus of your essay.  A week before the essay is due, bring to class a list on paper of the words you have researched, including a summary of the OED definition(s) you think best fit the context of your poem or passage.  See the tips on using the OED, in SOCS.

 

List of words with definitions: 10 points

Essay: 90 points

 

Essay 3 (100 total points possible): The same as Essay 1, except that you are to write a sonnet, thinking about the sonnets of the Early Modern period, and write the essay according to the following prompt: Using specific examples from your poem and at least one Early Modern sonnet from the syllabus, describe what you have learned about Early Modern sonnets.  Consider the following as suggestions: What conventions of the Early Modern sonnet did you attempt? Did you attempt a theme of the period?  How successful were you?  What aspect(s) gave you the most trouble, and why?  Did you use any specific poem as a model, and if so, how does your poem compare with your model?  How possible is it to write a sonnet today?  How does what you learned about sonnets compare with what you learned from Essay 1 about Old English poetry?

 

Cultural Snapshot Group Presentation (125 total points possible): You will select a topic from the list in SOCS, be assigned a partner and a date for your presentation, research the topic, determine how best to narrow the topic for the audience and the time allowed, and in five to seven minutes of class time, provide the class with a “snapshot” of this particular aspect of life in Britain before 1660.  “Engagement” means that you are expected to bring this aspect of British culture to life for the class, so be creative!  For example, it’s one thing to show a drawing of a medieval library and say that books were precious, and quite another to do what one college did: an art professor created a single copy of the textbook for a class on medieval life; the book was chained to a table, and all the students shared it, sometimes reading aloud to one another, sometimes jotting comments in the margins as they read.

 

Presentation: 100 points.  Each presentation will be evaluated for the following:

  • Relevance to the literary texts and topics covered in this course;
  • Appropriate use of reliable sources, all of which are acknowledged on the Works Cited;
  • Appropriate focus of topic (tip: if you’re going well past 7 minutes in practice delivery, you probably haven’t focused the topic enough); and 
  • Engagement of the class in the topic, using visual or other support. 

 

Works Cited (bibliography): 25 points.  Due on paper before you begin the presentation—but it’s not necessary to specify in your presentation which information came from which source, unless you think those details might be of interest to your audience.  Using the latest MLA or APA format (but don’t mix them!), list at least two reliable sources (e.g., books, journal articles, scholarly articles stored in an electronic database like Lexus-Nexus, reputable websites such as the Luminarium, below).  If you have trouble assessing a source’s reliability, please see me. 

Adopt-an-Author Group Assignment (100 total points possible): Each study group will “adopt” for the semester a pre-1660 British writer other than Shakespeare, and will provide the class a one-to-two-page document about that writer. The focus should be on one or two interesting stories from the writer’s life rather than on dates and titles of the writer’s works.  For example, most of us would be bored by the birth and death dates of Jonson, his wife, and his children, accompanied by a list of poems and plays in which Jonson mentions birth, death, and/or family.  On the other hand, after reading Jonson’s poems “On My First Daughter” and “On My First Son,” we might be curious to learn the sad story of how these two children died—and whether Jonson had any surviving children. 

Assignments will be evaluated as in the Cultural Snapshot Presentations, except with the addition of “control of language and conventions.” (I’ll be using “minimal marking” again.)

 

By the due date (below), the group should post the Adopt-an-Author to the SOCS discussion board (using “Attach a Document,” or “Attach a Hyperlink” if you’ve created a webpage), including the Works Cited and the names of everyone in your group.  Each person in the group will receive the same grade for the assignment. 

Final Exam (300 total points possible):  A take-home essay question will ask you to connect the poem or passage you read closely for Essay 2 with at least one of the Cultural Snapshots or Adopt-an-Author assignments other than your own.  You may refer to your own as well, and/or to any cultural background in the Longman Anthology or in Beowulf (e.g., introductions, footnotes).   Specify all sources, e.g., “the Cultural Snapshot by Smith and Jhabvala on childbirth in the Late Medieval period helped me understand that the second stanza of my poem contains a birth metaphor.”  The second part of the final will be an in-class, closed-book, closed-notes exam in which you answer one essay question from a selection of at least two questions about theme or genre, and (as for Essay 2) perform close readings of two brief poems or passages not on the syllabus.  Each close reading should demonstrate knowledge of relevant technical terms (e.g., couplet, in medias res) as well as an understanding of meaning.  See the rubric for essay exams, in SOCS.  The OED will be available, as will any classical and biblical reference materials I deem necessary.

Take-home cultural/biographical question: 75 points

In-class thematic or genre question: 75

Close readings (2): 75 points each

Preparation, Participation, and Other Assignments (175 total points possible): You will be expected to participate in small-group and whole-class discussion of the readings, and to serve as a cooperative and respectful audience during Cultural Snapshots and any other time anyone is speaking to the entire class.  (You’ll want to take notes on the Cultural Snapshots for the final exam—see above.)  Needless to say, you will need to be prepared, having carefully read the assignment before class; your preparation may be tested by unannounced quizzes.  Although attendance is not graded at TCNJ, please note that it is difficult to participate unless you are both physically and mentally present.  So that mental attendance may more closely match physical attendance, each student may have up to two “mental health” or other personal days during the semester, with no explanation or apology needed—but assignments due those days will be subject to the rules below (see “Late Work”). 

You will also be expected to post thought-provoking questions and substantive comments (i.e., not questions like “What’s the name of Miranda’s father?” or responses like “I agree with Dwayne’s comment”) to the SOCS discussion board at least five times during the semester.  Each short assignment during the semester—which may include but not be limited to quizzes and SOCS postings as described above, response papers, one-minute writings, summaries, translations, and dramatic readings—will be worth from five to ten points each.  Other than SOCS discussion board postings, short assignments are due on paper in class, and cannot be made up later; therefore, absences and tardiness will adversely affect your grade in the course (see “Late Work,” below).  Some assignments will require you to meet or to communicate with your study group or a study partner between classes.

ADA

Anyone requiring special adaptations or accommodations will benefit from contacting Terri Yamiolkowski in the Office of Differing Abilities (x2571 or yamiolko@tcnj.edu).

Emergencies

In the case of a medical emergency or a personal emergency, it is advisable to contact Toni Buchanan (x2825 or buchanan@tcnj.edu) in Records and Registration if you will be absent a week or more.  Ms. Buchanan will notify all instructors of the absence, although such notification does not necessarily guarantee that absences will be excused.  Documentation of an emergency of any length should be shown to each instructor.

Late Work

Unless I receive documentation of an emergency (see "Emergencies," above), or (if applicable) a verifiable power outage or SOCS shutdown occurs, the following will hold:  1) Each late essay and Adopt-An-Author will be marked down 10 points (for each person involved) for each day it is late; since these assignments are due in SOCS, weekends and holidays count.  2) A first-draft poem for an essay will also be accepted late, but the essay will be lowered 10 points for each day the poem is late.  3) A Cultural Snapshot will be marked down 10 points (for each unprepared or absent partner) for each class day it is late.  4) Other assignments will not be accepted late.   

For instance, “Anon,” a direct descendent of the most prolific writer before 1660, oversleeps and misses class the day I check off rough drafts of sonnets (no matter, it’s his/her first personal day), and doesn’t put his/her draft into SOCS until the next day.  He/she also misses a 5-point quiz that day.  When the essay and later draft are due, Anon is absent again, missing another 5-point quiz, but posts his/her work on SOCS two days later.  I calculate his/her grade on Essay 3 and enter it into SOCS: his/her essay is so wonderful I give it the full score of 90 points plus 10 for the two sonnet drafts, but then I have to subtract 10 points for the rough draft being one day late and 20 points for the essay being two days late, for a final grade of 70 points out of 100 on Essay 3.  But then Anon shows up in my office to explain that he/she was attending his/her grandmother’s funeral during the second absence and show me the obituary listing him/her as a grandchild.  So I change the grade to 90 points; he/she is still penalized for the lateness of the rough draft, since that was caused by the personal day rather than the funeral.  And it’s still a zero on both 5-point quizzes.

Academic Integrity

Using the words and/or ideas of others without giving credit violates the Academic Integrity Policy of our college and the laws of our nation.  All suspected violations of the Academic Integrity Policy will be reported to the Dean of the School of Culture and Society for assignment to an Academic Integrity Officer.

SOCS and Email

For this class, you must be able to use SOCS, and you must read your TCNJ email regularly.  If you need assistance with either, please let me know during the first week of class; to forward TCNJ email to another address, go to http://managemail.tcnj.edu/ and follow the instructions.

Texts

Damrosch, David, ed. The Longman Anthology of British Literature, vol. 1a: The Middle Ages. 2nd ed. New York: Longman, 2003.

Damrosch, David, ed. The Longman Anthology of British Literature, vol. 1b: The Early Modern Period. 2nd ed. New York: Longman, 2003.

Heaney, Seamus, trans. Beowulf. New York: Norton, 2001.

Schedule of Readings

You are responsible for all introductions relevant to the readings below. This schedule may be revised during the semester; you are also responsible for knowing where we are on the list of readings, even if you have been absent.

Introductions:

WEEK ONE (9/2): [read in class] Five Old English Riddles (Damrosch 157-58); Caedmon's hymn [handout], and the story of its creation, from Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Damrosch 136-37).

Heroes, Makars, and Mourners:

WEEK TWO (Tuesday 9/7): [read before class] Beowulf, trans. Seamus Heaney (through line 1905).  Also see “Homework Weeks 1-4” in SOCS, since the first homework assignment is due today.

(R 9/9) Beowulf (line 1906 through end) and Heaney’s introduction.

WEEK THREE (9/13): "Judith" (Damrosch 125-30); "The Dream of the Rood" (125-30); and “The Pillow Talk” from The Tain Bo Cuailnge (92-100).  See art featuring Judith, from the Early Modern period: http://courses.washington.edu/danz/wi03/schedule.htm

(9/16) Taliesin, "Urien Yrechwydd," "The War-Band's Return," and "Lament for Owain Son of Urien" (146-50); William Dunbar, "Lament for the Makars" and "Done is a Battell" (588-91). 

WEEK FOUR (9/20): Early Irish Verse: “To Crinog,” “Panur the Cat,” “Writing in the Wood,” “The Old Woman of Beare,” “A Grave Marked with Ogam” (111-119).   No class today (see “Homework Weeks 1-4”).

(9/23) Check-off date for first draft of Anglo-Saxon-style poem for Essay 1.  Mary Herbert, Countess of Pembroke, "To Thee Pure Sprite" (1070-72); Ben Jonson, "On My First Daughter," "On My First Son," and "To the Memory of My Beloved . . . Mr. Shakespeare" (1628-35); Henry Vaughan, "They Are All Gone into the World of Light!" (1722-23); John Milton, "Methought I Saw My Late Espoused Saint" (1826).

Political Conflict I: The Rising of 1381:

WEEK FIVE (9/27): Geoffrey Chaucer, from The Canterbury Tales: The General Prologue (301-20). 

(9/30) Due: Essay 1: Anglo-Saxon poetry.  William Langland, from Piers Plowman: Prologue and Passus 2 (421-34); from The Anonimalle Chronicle; three poems on the Rising of 1381 (John Ball's letters and "The Course of Revolt"); and John Gower (from The Voice of One Crying) (454-66). 

Garden and Field:

WEEK SIX (10/4): Middle English Lyrics: "The Cuckoo Song," "Spring," and "Contempt of the World" (549-65); Dafydd ap Gwilym, "The Winter" (585-86); Edmund Spenser, "October," from The Shepheardes Calendar (784-89); Lady Mary Wroth, from The Countess of Montgomery's Urania (1758-62).  In class, assignments given for Essay 2.  Cultural Snapshot on armor or weaponry: Jennifer O, Nicole, and Jason.

 (10/7) John Milton, Lycidas (1819-24).  Cultural Snapshot on musical instruments: Darren and Chris.

WEEK SEVEN (10/11): Richard Lovelace, "Love Made in the First Age: To Chloris" (1714-16); Andrew Marvell, "The Mower Against Gardens," "The Mower's Song," and "The Garden" (1732-35); Henry Vaughan, "Regeneration" (1717-19).  Cultural Snapshot on horticulture, agriculture, or husbandry: Patrick and Vin.

Love:

(10/14)  Marie de France, from Lais: Prologue and "Lanval" (176-92).   Cultural Snapshot on love/courtship: Jon, Jen L, and Lizzie.  Cultural Snapshot on sex: Mark and Sonia.

WEEK EIGHT (10/18): Julian of Norwich, from A Book of Showings: chapters 2-5, 24, 26, and 60 (467-80). Middle English Lyrics: "I Sing of a Maiden," and "Jesus, My Sweet Lover" (559-63); Dafydd ap Gwilym, "Aubade" and "Tale of a Wayside Inn" (579-84); Robert Henryson, "Robene and Makyne" (593-97).  Due: OED assignment for Essay 2.  Cultural Snapshot on anchoresses: Jennifer S and Jennifer B. 

(10/21) Sir Thomas Wyatt the Elder, "The Long Love, That in My Thought Doth Harbor" (with Petrarch's Sonnet 140) and "Whoso List to Hunt" (with Petrarch's Sonnet 190); Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, "Love That Doth Reign" and "Alas, So All Things" (with Petrarch's Sonnet 164) (669-82); Isabella Whitney, "I.W. to Her Unconstant Lover" (1051-54).  Due: rough draft of Essay 2, for peer workshop.   Cultural Snapshot on musical instruments: Jen R and Alicia.

WEEK NINE (10/25): fall break.

(10/28) Edmund Spenser, from Amoretti: sonnets 68 and 75 (956-57); Richard Barnfield, from Cynthia: sonnet 11 (1121); Sir Philip Sidney: from Astrophil and Stella: sonnet 1 (1043); Lady Mary Wroth, from A Crown of Sonnets Dedicated to Love: sonnet 77 (1673); William Shakespeare, from Sonnets: sonnets 1, 130, and 144 (1222-37).  [Also read the outline in SOCS of Sir Philip Sidney, “The Apology for Poetry.”]  Cultural Snapshot on childbirth: Jim and Neeha. 

WEEK TEN (11/1): John Donne, "The Sun Rising," "The Flea," "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning," and Holy Sonnets 1-2, 10 (1650-58 and 1662-66); George Herbert, "Redemption," "Denial," and "The Collar" (1685-96).  Due: Essay 2: Close reading of a poem or passage.  Cultural Snapshot on bed(room)s: Lee and Jenn C.

Views of Gender:

(11/4)  King James Bible: Genesis 2-3 (1755-58); Aemilia Lanyer, from Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum: "Pilate's Wife Apologizes for Eve" (1101-3); Tracts on Women and Gender: Desiderius Erasmus (from In Laude and Praise of Matrimony) and Barnabe Riche (from My Lady's Looking Glass) (1496-1500); Elizabeth I, "On Monsieur's Departure" and "To the English Troops at Tilbury, Facing the Spanish Armada" (1081-91); Edmund Spenser, from The Faerie Queene: proem (793-94); Sir Walter Raleigh, "To the Queen" (1193-94); Ben Jonson, "Queen and Huntress" (1633).  Cultural Snapshot on marriage: Jennifer M and Kelly.

WEEK ELEVEN (11/8): Edmund Spenser, from The Faerie Queene: “A Letter of the Authors”; Book I, Canto 1, stanzas 1-38 (Damrosch 790-817); and Book II, Canto 12, stanzas 53-80 (946-52).  Check-off date for draft of sonnet for Essay 3.  Cultural Snapshot on medieval science: Tim and Kristin.

Exploration and Colonization:

(11/11) Shakespeare, William, Twelfth Night (1237-92), Acts I-III.

WEEK TWELVE (11/15): Twelfth Night, Acts IV-V.  Due: Essay 3: The Sonnet. Cultural Snapshot on crafts and guilds: Mary, Lauren, and Taneeya.

(11/18) Shakespeare, The Tempest (1292-1353), Acts I-III.  Cultural Snapshot on childrearing: Maya and Seth.

WEEK THIRTEEN (11/22): The Tempest (last two acts) and companion readings (William Strachey, from A True Repertory and Michel de Montaigne, from Of Cannibals) (1292-1353).  Bermuda history and map.  Due: Adopt-An-Author. 

(11/25) Thanksgiving

WEEK FOURTEEN (11/29): Andrew Marvell, "Bermudas" (1726-27); Michael Drayton, "To the Virginian Voyage" (1355-57); John Donne, from "A Sermon Preached to the Honorable Company of the Virginia Plantation" (1367-71) and "Elegy 19: To His Mistress Going to Bed" (1661-62)

Political Conflict II: The Civil Wars

(12/2) John Milton, "On the New Forcers of Conscience Under the Long Parliament" and "To the Lord General Cromwell" (1824-25); Andrew Marvell, "An Horatian Ode Upon Cromwell's Return from Ireland" (1735-38); Katherine Philips, "Upon the Double Murder of King Charles" (1741).  In addition, each study group has background reading (from the “Perspectives: Government and Self-Government” and “Perspectives: The Civil War, or the Wars of Three Kingdoms” sections):

Hoobastank: John Ponet, from A Short Treatise of Political Power and James I, from The True Law of Free Monarchies;

The “Slackers”: John Gauden (from Eikon Basilike);

Red Tomatoes: John Milton (from Eikonoklastes);

Switzerland: "The Petition of Gentlewomen and Tradesmen's Wives";

Anonymous: John Lilburne (from England's New Chains Discovered);

The Geats: Oliver Cromwell (from Letters from Ireland) and "John O'Dwyer of the Glenn"; and

Jabberwocky: Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon (from True Historical Narrative of the Rebellion)

WEEK FIFTEEN (12/6): John Milton, from Paradise Lost: Book 1, lines 1-375; Book 2, lines 1-505 (1837-46, 1856-68).

(12/9) Milton, from Paradise Lost: 4.1-775 (1893-1910).

Reading Days:

Monday 12/13, 10:00-11:00, Bliss 145: [optional] review session for the final exam.

Tuesday 12/14, 10:00-12:00, Bliss 225: office hours.

Finals Period:

[Monday 12/20, 8:00-10:50 AM, Bliss 145]: in-class portion of the final exam.  The out-of-class portion is due in SOCS by 7:00 AM, 12/20.


Links to Resources

·  SOCS

·  Oxford English Dictionary (OED): for TCNJ users only

·  Other Roscoe West Library resources for English

·  Dr. Steele's Anglo-Saxon World links

·  Dr. Graham’s Early Britain links (prehistoric Britain through 1066)

·  Feudalism and the Three Estates

·  Laments and Elegies

·  Luminarium (Medieval, Renaissance, and 17th-century British literature)

·  Sonnet Central

·  1611 (King James or Authorized) Bible

·  Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet

·  The Edmund Spenser Home Page

·  The Milton-L Home Page

·  Milton Reading Room (Dartmouth)

http://www.tcnj.edu/~graham/britlit.html, last updated
[Dr. Graham's home page] [TCNJ English Department]