This file has been revised; last edited on 05/07/2014 at 16:05
NOTE: THE FINAL EXAM IS ON: May 9, at 10:30, IN ROOM SCP-117.
Study everything on the study
guides for all previous tests, even the one for test 4, though we did not
have test 4.
Go over all previousl tests, quizes and lab reports. Don't make the same mistake twice.
Study all previous lab exercises,
including Exs. 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 5.2, 6.0, 7.0, 7.2,13.0, 14.0,
15.0, 15.1, 17.0, 17.1,
18.0, 18.7, VA 21 & 27.0.
Be sure to read the introduction
sections of all the lab exercises thoroughly, including
Ex. 13 on the Moon,
Ex 14.0 on eclioses, Ex. 15.0 on planetqary elongations,
Ex. 17.0 on stellar parallaxes,
17.1 on proper motion, Ex. 18.0 on magnitudes,
Ex. 18.7, VA Ex 21,
VA 27, & Ex. 20.0 on Doppler shifts.
Study thoroughly my Chapters
1 thru 14 found on my website and the documents TIME,
Lunar
Motion & Eclipses, Quasars and Stars
& Cosmology Review.
Do all of the assigned readings in the textbook by Schneider and Arny.
Historical aspects of astronomy:
Know who did what and when for such people as;
Hipparchus, Copernicus,
Galileo, Kepler, Brahe, Newton, Adams & Leverrier, Herschel, Shapley,
Planck,
Leavitt, Stefan & Boltzmann,
Wien, Russell, Hertzsprung, Kumar, Einstein, Baade, Chandrasekhar,
Schwarzschild, Lamaitre,
Gamow, Schmidt, Kerr, and Hubble.
Some Important Topics:
Orbital properties of the planets. Terminology and properties of elliptical orbits. Kepler's laws of planetary motion.
Planetary orbits, elongations,
aspects, and configuration for inferior and superior planets. Phases
of the Moon
and Eclipses.
Comparative chemical compositions of the Sun, Earth, and Jovian Planets.
General physical properties
of 3 different kinds of planetary bodies.
Gross Characteristics of
Planets. Know atmospheric compositions.
Lunar surface features, terminology,
and the history and chronology of its evolution as determined from the
ages
of lunar rocks.
Physical Properties of the planets:
Know the differences and similarities among meteoroids, meteors, and meteorites.
For comets, know:
1. Properties of orbits
2. Parts of and changes in, while moving in orbit.
3. Know what the Oort cloud and Kiper Belt are and where they are located.
Different kinds of meteorites, and ages. Parent Body theory for origin of various meteorites.
Origin of Solar System (Chapter 4 on my web site)
1. Accretion
theory and evidence for its validity
2. Dynamic
collapse of solar nebula: Gravitational
contraction and rotational flattening
3. Chronology
of the formation and evolution of the planets.
4. Planetesimals
and protoplanets
5. Gravitational
sweeping and the great meteoroidal
bombardment
6. Heating
mechanisms for the planets, internal and external.
The following
is a summary of the sequential steps or stages in the formation
and evolution
of a plnaetary body:
1. Accretion of dust particles
to form grains, then clumps and then planetesimals.
2. Planetesimals collide
and grow larger. The interiors are heated
and melted by energy released
from the decay of short lived radioactive isotopes.
3. Large plameteismals are
able to grow even larger by graviational sweeping.
4. Gravitational sweeping
causes large planetesimals to grow to become protoplanets.
5. Gravitational sweeping
results in an intense meteoroid bombardment that completely melts the
outer layers of a planet.
6. After a planet has swept
up most of the material in the vacinity of its orbit, the bombardment abates
and the planet's surace begins to cool and form a solid crust.
7. Any meteoroid impacts
now leave permanent craters.
8. An occasional impact
by a large asteroid/meteoroid produces a basin then fills with molten rock
and destroys all previous craters in that area. This is how the maria
of the Moon formed.
9. Further cooling
of the outer layers may result in cracks that allow lava to flow from the
interior
into the basin regions.
10. There may now
be an occsaional impact that produces a crater in the lava plains.
11. Subsequent erosion
will now wear down the craters and mountains that have formed depending
on the severity of the erosion..
12. The last event
is always the cooling of the interior of the planet, though large planets
like the Earth still have
a molten interiorsthat results in volcanoes.
Eclipses:
Necessary conditions for
an eclipse to occur, types, eclipse limits, eclipse seasons, regression
of the LON.
Regression of the LON results in the eclipse
seaons coming earlier each year by
2.7 weeks or 19 days.
Laws of radiation and spectroscopy,
Spectral Classes, absolute and apparent magnitudes, and
the H-R Diagram.
Stellar Evolution: Know the chronological order of the different stages as on test 3.
Star Clusters, Galaxies,
Quasars, Hubble's Law, the expanding universe, the primordial atom, chronology
of the
Fireball Explosion, and
Cosmology.
A partial list of definitions
to know:
Perihelion and aphelion.
Conjunction, quadrature,
opposition.
Accretion, solar nebula,
dynamic collapse, planetesimal,
chondrite, chondrule, achondrite.
Umbra and penumbra.
Chandrasekar and Kumar limits
Schwarzschhild limit or
critical radius
Quasars
Be familiar with or know:
1. Calculation of time for planetary events; TP = Tsun - TE
2. Table of times for corresponding solar events to be used in above equation.
3. Who discovered what planet, when, and how.
4. How to measure elongation in the plane of a planet's orbit(Ex.15.0).
5. How to determine the phase of the Moon from its elongation.
6. Know LAT = HAsun + 12:00
7. Know when a colon
or decimal point should be used. Note: any calculation done with
a calculator is decimal
and this must then be converted to sexagesimal. Note:
13:30 is the same as 13h 30m, for time, HA, or
RA, but 13.33 hours or degrees (decimal form) is the equivalent of 13:20
(sexagesimal).
8. The Moon rises/makes UT/sets
50 minutes later each day. This is related to the fact that the Moon's
apparen
motion
in the sky is 12.2 deg/day relative to the Sun.
9. The Moon moves 13.2 deg/day,
eastward, relative to the fixed stars as a result of its orbital motion
around
the Earth.
10. Planetary classifications: superior, inferior, inner, outer, major, minor, terrestrial, giant/jovian, and icy.
11. Always label an
hour angle or elongation as east or west. Things that need
not be labeled as to direction
are RA, Azimuth, LAT, or ZT.
12.
Laws:
Law of gravity, Newton's 3 laws of motion,
Kepler's 3 laws of planetary motion, Stefan-Boltzmann law, Wien's Law,
Planck's Law,
Mass-Luminosity law, Period-Luminosity law, and Hubble's law.
The cosmolgical principle.
13. Stellar evolution
and stelllar evolutionary tracks such as shown in the diagram at the end
of my Chap. 8
Also study Figs. 11-4, 11-8, 12-7, 12-10,& 12-11 in Seeds.
14. Study the
diagrams on pages 558 and 559 in S&A on the ages of star clusters.
This is related to the
discussion in my Chapter 9 on galaxies.
15. Be able to do a problem in the spectroscopic parallax method as in Ex. 18.7 and Ex. 27.
16. Be able to determine the color index of a star and relate this to its surface temperature.
Questions to Answer
Any of the following could
be on the final exam in addition to questions asked on the
previous tests.
(Also see the questions for the other test reviews):
Celestial Sphere:
Identify the equinoxes and solstices and where the Sun is at different
times of the year in Fig. 1 of Ex. 7.0.
The great cirlcle on the celestial sphere that is everywhere 90 degrees
from the zenith is what?
The great cirlcle on the celestial sphere that is everywhere 90 degrees
from the celestoal poles is what?
Define hour angle, altitude, azimuth, declination, elongation, and right
ascension.
Solar System:
01. What
are the differences between the terrestrial and giant planets?
02. Which
planets have rings?
03. Why
are the rings of Saturn so conspicuous?
04. Why
are there fewer craters on the lunar maria than in the lunar highlands?
05. How
did the lunar maria form?
06. What
is the main difference in the crustal makeup of the inner planets compared
with the planetary satellites in the outer regions of the solar system?
07. What
is the Oort cloud?
08. What
is the age of meteorites?
09. What
is the solar nebula?
10. What
is meant by the dynamic collapse of the solar nebula?
11. What
is the main idea of the accretion theory for planetary formation?
12. What
two forces acted in the solar nebula to cause the dust particles to grow
into planets?
13. What
are two sources of heat that caused the larger planets to become completely
molten?
14. How
long ago did the great meteoroid bombardment end and how do we know this?
15. Why
are there differences in cratering on the different planets and satellites?
16. List,
in chronological order, the different stages in the growth and evolution
of the
planets. See "Origin of the Solar System" for the above.
18. What
is meant by "gravitational sweeping" and what role did it play in planetary
formation?
19. How
long did it take for dust particles to form planetesimals?
20. How
do planetary bodies lose heat into space or cool?
21. Why
are some planetary bodies irregular in shape and others are not?
22. Who
discoverdthe planet Uranus and when?
23. What
is Kepler's 1st Law of Planetary Motion?
24. Who
made the most precise observations before the use of the telescope?
25. Where
are the ring systems of the giant planets located with respect to the large
moon
of the planet?
26. The amount
of time it takes the Moon to move 360 degrees in its orbit around the barycenter
of the
Earth-Moon system is called the what?
27. Wht is the
name of the largest asteroid?
28. Which planetary
bodies have active volcanoes and which body is the most active?
Stars
01. How many
stars are their in the solar neighborhood?
02. How is the
distance determined for a star closer than 100pc?
03. Define
absolute magnitude.
04. In
the H-R Diagram, why are most stars found to define a locus called the
main sequence?
05. What
are the physical differences between white dwarfs and red dwarfs.
06. What are
the defining characteristics of main sequence stars?What is the mass-luminosity
law and for
what stars is this valid?
07. After a
star like the Sun evolves to become a red giant, what is the next TNF reaction
to occur in the core?
08. What important
effect do massive stars have on the galactic interstellar medium?
09. What
is a brown dwarf?
10. What
are T Tauri stars?What are the physical properties of neutron stars?
11. What
stage of evolution follows the main sequence stage for the Sun?
12.
What is the final stage of evolution for the Sun?
13.
How can a star with a mass 10 times the Sun's become a white dwarf star?
14.
What is the relationship between the age of a star and its chemical composition?
15.
What is the difference between Type Ia and Type II supernovae?
16.
In the general theory of relativity, what is gravity?
17. In
the general theory of relativity, why is ligth affected by gravity?
19. Given
the radial velocity diagram for a binary star system, be able to determine
the gamma-velocity of the
the system and the mass ratio as in Ex. 20.
From
the Readings in the textbook:
What is a Type Ia supernova?
What is a RR Lyrae star?
What
is a Cepheid variable star?
Galaxies
and Cosmology:
What
is a galaxy?
What
are the physical properties of the two different kinds of star clusters?
Be
able to determine the relative ages of the star clusters that are displayed
in a composite H-R Diagram.
In
a compositye H-R diagram for star clusters, what is the significance of
the main sequence "turn-off" point?
Why would we not expect
to find planetary systems around the first generation of stars that formed
in the Galaxy?
How is the period-luminosity
law used to determine distance?
What type of supernovae were
used to determine the distances to very distant galaxies and therefore
the discovery of the
accelerating
expansion of the universe?
What are "quasars?"
Wht is synchrotron radiation
and how does in differ from thermal radiation. Read in textbook and
refer to my notes given
in class.
Who was the astronomer that
first mesured the distance of a quasar?
How do astronomers explain
the enormous luminosities of quasars?
What is the pristine chemical
composition of the univere and when was it formed?
END OF FILE
Be
able to analyze a normalized light curve as in Ex, 18.5
Be
able to analze a radial velocity diagram for a binary star as was done
in Ex. 20.