This
document is under revision for test 1 on 02-14-2014.
Last
revised on 2-11-2014 at 16:37
Class notes thru Kepler's
Laws 02-11-2014
My web site Chap. 1 thru
Chap. 3, section C on Kepler's Laws.
Also all the related sections
of the S&A text listed under "Readings".
The subject matter contained
in Ex. 1.0, 2.0, 15.0 in the Course Manual. Also look
at
the chart in Ex. 16.0, page
118 with regard to elongatiions.
Lab exercises: 1, 2, 15..
This review does not necessarily
list every term or concept that will be on the test, but the
subject matter is limited
to the chapters and lab exercises listed above.
Know definitions for all terms introduced.
Also study the homework questions in the Announcements document on line.
Important topics
1. Recognized Hierarchical Structure of Universe
2. Distance Units
3. Four Fundamental Forces and what they do.
4.
Solar System, types of solar satellites, law of gravity, inverse-square
law , location of
barycenter, depending on mass ratio.
5. Motions of Earth: Rotation, revolution, precession, and the Earth-Moon barycentric motion.
6. Differences among stars, planetary bodies, comets,TNOs, and the
other bodies in the Solar
System.
7. Planetary orbits, elongations.
Planetary configurations and aspects terms. Computing times
of planetary events.
Time of a planetary Event (Tp) = Time the Sun does the same
thing (TS) - Time for
the Earth to rotate through the elongation of the planet, (TE).
8. The ecliptic, zodiac
10. Inventory of the Solar System and nomenclature
11. History of discoveries: Who did what and when.
Know:
Definitions for:
planet, star, force, gravity, barycenter, mass, weight, satellite, astronomical
unit,
light year, thermonuclear
fusion, right ascension, declination, elongation, ecliptic, zodiac, hour
circle,
celestial equator, diurnal
motion and what it causes.
Distances and sizes given for various quantities and objects.
Arcmeasure: Sexagesimal system:
degrees, arcminutes, and arcseconds.
Correct notation for angles
without colons.
Decimal system for arcmeasure and time.
When to use a decimal point, a colon, or no delimiter.
For each angle we have learned,
know from where the angle is measured (zero location), in what
direction it is measured,
and in what units it is expressed.
Elongation, conjunction, quadrature, opposition
Kepler's Laws of planetary motion
The ecliptic & zodiac
Newton's 3 Laws of Motion; Newton's Law of Gravity.
The inventory of the solar system.
History: Who
did what and when, e.g.: , Newton, Galileo, Kepler,
Herschel, Kuiper, Messier, Lemaitre, Hubble, etc.
Be able to:
Locate objects on a rectangular
chart using RA and DEC chart scales, such as in Ex. 2.0,
or by making eye interpolations
between fiducial marks.
Be able to draw an hour circle
of RA and a parallel of declination for a star on a rectangular
star chart.
Compute what time a planet
rises, sets, or makes upper transit when the elongation of the
planet is known. You
must be able to do this following exactly the steps used in the example
the my Chapter 2 notes
Draw and measure the elongation
of a planet on a planar orbital chart such as those in Ex. 15.0.
Also see the example
on pages 107 and 111 in the Manual.
On a planar orbital chart
for the planets, be able to recognize inferior and superior conjuinction.
greatest easter/western
elongation, eastern or western quadruture, and opposition. Know what
elongation angles are associated
with these terms.
Be able to estimate the elongation
of a planet on rectangullar star chart as was demonstrated
in lecture.
Declination (Dec. or Greek delta), Equinoctial colure (EC), Hour circles (HC),
Right Ascension (RA or Greek alpha)
Celestial horizon (CH), Diurnal Circle, Diurnal Motion
Ecliptic, Zodiac, elongation
Solar systen, solar neighborhood, galaxy, local group, supercluster.
An astronomical unit, a light year
1. In general,
what are the Laws of Physics conceptually?
2. How many
stars are there in the Solar System?
3. How many
stars are estimated to be in the Milky Way Galaxy?
4. What is the
radius of the solar neighborhood in parsecs ?
5. What is the
name of the process by which stars generate energy?
6. How long (in hours
and minutes) does it take for a star to move 55 degrees along its daily
path
(diurnal circle) in the sky as a result of the Earth's rotation?
7. What factors determine
the strength of the gravitational interaction?
8. Define what is
meant by the radius of the solar system conceptually. What is the
numerical value
of this in astronomical units?
9. What is the difference
between rotation and revolution?
10. What force determines
the structure of the atom?
11.
Who discovered that planets move in slightly elliptical orbits and when?
12. What is the mass
ratio between the Earth and the Moon?
13. What causes every
object in the sky to rise in the east and set in the west once a day?
14. What are the fundamental
forces and what do they do?
15. How long does
it take the Earth's center to revolve 360 degrees around the Earth-Moon
barycenter.
16. Define the sidereal
month and sidereal year.
17. What is a force?
18. If Venus has an
elongation of 22o E, what time will it set or rise?
19. By
how much and in what direction does the Sun appear to move along the ecliptic?
20. What causes the
Sun's apparent motion along the ecliptic?
21. What force determines
the structure of the atomic nucleus?
22. Explain the difference
between the solar system and the solar neighborhood.
23. State in words,
the universal law of gravity.
24. Draw a diagram
showing where the barycenter would be located for 2 gravitationally
bound stars that have a mass ratio of 5. Identify the more massive
star in the diagram
25. What is the name
of the great circle on the celestial sphere that is everywhere 90 degrees
from the celestial poles?
26. Identify the following:
The acceleration that a net force produces on an object is inversely
proportioanl to that object's mass.
27. Draw a planar
diagram showing Mars at western quadrature; Venus at greatest eastern
elongation; Mercury at superior conjunction.
28. Compute what time
Saturn rises when its elongation is 135 degrees E. Show the step
by step
details of your calculation as shown in the example in Chapter 2 on the
web.
29.
Draw a diagram showing 1) Jupiter at conjunction, 2) Mars at opposition,
3) Mercury at
greatest eastern elongation, and 4) Venus at inferior conjunction.
30.
When is an asteroid not a dwarf planet ?
31.
What is the numerical value for the radius of the Solar System in AU?
32.
What are the names of the dwarf planets?
33.
What are the cirteria that are used to classify an object as a dwarf planet?
34.
When is a TNO not considered to be a KBO?
35.
When was the first TNO discovered other than Pluto?
36.
What did Herschel discover and when?
37.
Who made the most precise positional measurements of the planets before
the introduction
of the telescope and when was this?
38.
Who discovered the planet Neptune and when?
39.
What is a KBO?
40.
Who discovered the first asteroid and when?
Also study the homework questions in the Announcements doocument on line.
End of file.
The following, in blue, are not on test 1.
ecliptic poles, obliquity
of the ecliptic and tilt of the Earth's axiis
Sun's apparent motion
along the ecliptic. Changing diurnal circles of the Sun. (Lab. Ex. 7.0).
The equinoxes and
solstices.
obliquity of the ecliptic, vernal equinox., ecliptic poles, obliquity of the ecliptic
Know the RA and declination
of the Sun when it is at the equinoxes and solstices.
Cause of the Seasons,
Angle of incidence, length of daylight.
Be able to locate the Sun on the ecliptic for any day of the year.
42. Use the
diagram in Chapter 3, sec. D to determone the constellation in
which the Sun is located on November 22.
43. Locate
the Sun on July 21 in the rectangular star chart in Chapter 3,
sec. D
44. What is
the RA and Dec. of the Sun on July 21 as determined from the
the same chart in the above question.
41. What casues
the RA and Dec. of the Sun to change from day to day?