Do not show up for the test without a ruler, protractor, and calculator.

Test 2 will cover the material the class notes from my Chap. 3, section D ,
thru Chap. 5, section B.

The test will also include the separate documents "Time" and "Lunar Motion and Eclipses,"
but not the material on eclipses or sidereal time.

Also do all the correlated readings listed in my web page file "Readings". You are not
responsible for any of the things found in the text readings that we have not discussed in class.

Read thoroughly and completely the material in Ex. 5.0, 5.2, 7.0, 15.1  & 13.0  in the
Course Manual.

Study and cross-compare the data fhat you have found for the Sun in Ex. 7.0 at the two
different latitudes.

Know the answers to any of the assigned homework questions using the textbook.  I have
changed some of these today. See "Announcements and Assignments".

Terms (know definitions for):

Know the RA and declination of the Sun when it is at the equinoxes and solstices.

Know most of the terms found in Appendix A, Glossary, of the Course Manual.
This includes:
Celestial equator, hour circle, right ascension, declination, diurnal circle,
celestial poles, and circumpolar stars.

Altitude, azimuth, vertical circle, celestial horizon, zenith distance, hour angle, and local
celestial meridian.

Zodiac, ecliptic, ecliptic poles, obliquity of the ecliptic, equinoxes, solstices.

Elongation, conjunction, quadrature, opposition
Waxing, waning and gibbous phases.
Sidereal and synodic periods.

Upper and lower transits.

Do not mix-up time units with arcmeasure units!

Motions and the Celestial sphere Topics:

Sun's apparent motion along the ecliptic.
Changing diurnal circles of the Sun. (Lab. Ex. 7.0).
The equinoxes and solstices.
Obliquity of the ecliptic, vernal equinox., ecliptic poles.

Know the RA and declination of the Sun when it is at the equinoxes and solstices.
Cause of the Seasons, Angle of incidence, length of daylight.

Be able to locate the Sun on the ecliptic for any day of the year.

The horizon system of coordinates and diurnal circles (Lab Ex. 5, 5.2. Also read over sec. II of
Ex. 6.0).
Be able to measure the altitude and estimate the azimuth of a star as done in class and also
in Ex.. 5.2.
Be able to convert decimal to sexagesimal and vice versa.

Orbital properties of the planets
Diurnal circles and their properties (Presented in Lecture).
Understand what diurnal circles are and how they are related to the declination of an object.
(Ex. 5.0 )
Elongation. Phases of the Moon. Configuration or Aspects of the Moon. (Ex. 13.0)
The sidereal and synodic periods or months. (Read Ex. 13.0)
Given the elongation of the Moon for a specific date, be able to calculate when the Moon
will have some other elongation as we worked out in class.
The Lunar orbital nodes.
Computing what time the Moon rises/sets from its elongation.
Time of a planetary Event (T_p) = Time the Sun does the same thing (T_S) - Time for the Earth
    to rotate through the elongation of the planet, (T_E).
Computing Local Apparent Time from the hour angle of the Sun, such as in Ex. 13.0.
Local Apparent Time (LAT) = Hour Angle of the Sun (HAS) + 12:00.
The Moon moves 13.2 degrees per day relative the stars while the Sun moves 1 degree
per day.  Both move eastward.

Hour angles must be given with direction, E/W.
Positive HAs must be indicated with a positive sign.
Know the RA and declination of the Sun when it is at the equinoxes and solstices.

Questions on Motions and the Celestial Sphere  (Do not ask me for answers).

01.   What is the hour angle of a star or planet when it is at upper transit and lower transit?
02.   What is the altitude of an object when it rises or sets?
03.   What are circumpolar stars?
04.   Compare the times of sunset on the day of the winter solstice at latitudes 40 deg. N.
        and 65 deg. N. (Ex. 7.0)
05.   Describe the Sun's apparent annual motion as seen on the celestial sphere.
06.   What causes this apparent motion?
07.   On what day and at what time would the Sun's altitude be its greatest value for any given
        latitude?
08.   Why does the azimuth of the Sun, when it rise or sets, change throughout the year?
09.   What is the approximate azimuth of the Sun when it rises or sets on the first day of summer
        at latitude 65 deg. N.?
10.   What is the hour angle of the sun when it rises or sets on the first day of winter and the
        first day of summer at our latitude?
20.   If the Moon is at 1st quarter on Oct. 15 at LAT=18:00,  on what day and at what time will
       the Moon be at the next opposition.?

21.   If the Moon has an elongation of  45 deg. E., how long will it take the Moon to move to
        opposition?

25.   Draw the Moon in its orbit around the Earth for any elongation given to you.
26.   What is the altitude and azimuth of the Sun at noon on the day of the vernal equinox at
       latitude 50⁰ N.?
27.   What casues the RA and Dec. of the Sun to change from day to day?

42.  Use the diagram in Chapter 3, sec. D to determone the constellation in
      which the Sun is located on November 22.
43.  Locate the Sun on July 21 in the rectangular star chart in Chapter 3,
       sec. D
44.  What is the RA and Dec. of the Sun on July 21 as determined from the
      the same chart in the above question.

Properties of the Planets and Other Solar Satellites

Comparative chemical compositions.
Planetary surface features.
The Lunar surface and chronology of the Moon's formation and evolution.
Know the properties of  each of the planets as presented in my Chapter 3.
Properties of the Lunar surface and its chronology based on rock ages.
Physical characteristics of the Planetary bodies
Accretion theory
Properties of  asteroids, meteoroids, meteorites and comets
Different kinds of meteorites
The parent body theory for meteorites.

Questions on the Solar System:

1.  Which are older, the Lunar highlands or maria and how has this been determined?
2.  Who discovered the planet Neptune?
3.  Who made the most precise positional measurements of the planets before the introduction
        of the telescope and when was this?
4.  What celestial object did Herschel discover and when?
5.  When was the first minor planet or asteroid discovered and by whom?
6.  What law is well demonstarted by the motion of a comet in a highly elliptical orbit?
7.  What is the radius of the Solar System in AU?
8.  Compare the chemical composition of the atmosphere of a terrestrial planet
       with that of a giant planet.
9.  Compare the chemical composition of a star with a planet like the Earth.
10. List the elements in order of their abundance in a star and in the Earth..
11.  How were the lunar maria formed?
12.    What group of planets have thin, shallow, oxidized atomospheres?
13.    What group of planets have low averages densities.
14.    Which planet is more similar to the Earth, Venus or Uranus?
15.    Which planets have a chemical composition that is similar to that of a star?
16.    What is a Lunar ridge?

18.   What moons are larger than some major planets?

22.    What is the average age of the lunar maria?
23.    How do we know the ages of different parts of the Lunar surface?
24.   What group or class of planets have the most moons?
25.   Approximately how many minor planets have been discovered in the Solar System?

32.    What is a brown dwarf?
33.    Define the Kumar Limit (Chap 3A).
36.    Why are there no planetary moons closer to the planet than the rings?
37.   What are planetary rills?
40.   Give a brief description of the planet Venus.
 

46.   Explain why some planets display more impact craters than other planets.

48.   List the chronology of events in the formation of the Moon and it's surface, such as:
            a.  Accreted by collisions of dust particle and other small bodies in orbit around the Earth
            b.  The Lunar surface undergoes an intense meteoroid bombardment as it accretes materilal
                  from the vacinity of its orbit.
            c.  The solid outer crust of the Moon formed after the  bombardment abates.
            d.  Most of the craters we now see were formed by a meteoroid bombardment of decreasing intensity,
            e.  A late heavy bombardment produces large basins on the surface that fill with lava.
                These becomeb
            d.  The maria continue to evolve as a result of  olava flows from the interior of the Moon
            e.  The interior of the Moon cooled to become solid

49.   Given a scrambled list of steps or events in the formation the Moon and evolution of its
        surface, be able to put them into chronological order.
50.   What is regolith?
51.   How did the Moon originate?
52.   Which planet has a surface covered with a rudy regolith, has numerous eroded impact
        craterrs, several large, extinct volcanoes, and a thin atomsphere of mostly carbon dioxide
        and nitrogen?
54.   What planet has a dark blue looking atmosphere with white clouds composed of
            methane crystals?
55.   Which planet has a surface that is most similar in appearnace to that of our Moon.
56.  What is the name of the largest dwarf planet?
57.  What pkanetary body was first discovered to be covered with impact craters other than our
       Moon?
 

Test 2 material ends here for 2014 .

The following are not on Test 2:

Be able to draw the diurnal circle for the Sun on the day of the winter solstice and label where
the Sun is when it rises, sets, and transtis the LCM.Be able to draw the diurnal circle of an
object with any declination for a given latitude.

Be able to determine the altitude and azimuth of a star at rising, setting, UT and LT from
a diagram of its diurnal cirlce in the horizon system.  (Ex. 5.0, 5.2, & 7.0)
How to measure altitude and declination with a protractor, when appropriate.

Kepler's Laws of planetary motion
The relation between latitude and the altitude of the NCP above the north point of the
horizon. (Ex. 6)

Questions on Origin and Evolution of the Planets:
01.  How do planets cool?
02.  What part of a planet cools off last?
03.  What is the solar nebula?

10.  What is meant by the dynamic collapse of the solar nebula?
11.  What is the main idea of the accretion theory for planetary formation?
12.  What two forces acted in the solar nebula to cause the dust particles to grow into planets?
13.  What are two sources of heat that caused the larger planets to become completely
       molten?
14.   How long ago did the great meteoroid bombardment end and how do we know this?
15.   Why are there differences in cratering on the different planets and satellites?
16.   List, in chronological order, the different stages in the growth and evolution of the planets.
17.   What is meant by "gravitational sweeping" and what role did it play in planetary
        formation?
18.  How long did it take for dust particles to form planetesimals?
19.   Why are some planetary bodies irregular in shape and others are not?

Orgin of the Solar System and Evolution of the Planets

Read the textbook and my Chapter 6
Accretion theory and evidence for its validity.
Dynamic collapse of solar nebula: Gravitational contraction and rotational flattening
Chronology of the formation and evolution of the planets.
Planetesimals and protoplanets
Gravitational sweeping and the great meteoroidal bombardment
Heating mechanisms for the planets, internal and external.
Be able to identify a photo of our Moon or any global photo of the major planetary bodies
    given in my notes or the textbook by S&A..
 

Nature and Laws of electromagnetic radiation
Wavelength and units thereof.
The groups of the electromagnetic spectrum
Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Questions on Electromagnetic Radiation and Spectroscopy:

01.  List the different groups of the electromagnetic spectrum in order.
02.  Which is shorter in wavelength, red or infrared?
03.  To what is the ampltude of a wave related?
04.  The color we perceive for a given EM ray depends on the wavelength or the amplitude?
 

Properties of Stars:
Stellar nomenclature and catalogues.
The constellations
The solar neighborhood
Binary stars
Trignometric parallax method & its limitation.
The electromagnetic spectrum
The magnitude system:  apparent   Know how the scale works.
intrinsic versus apparent brightness and factors determining intrinsic brightness
Luminosity and determining factors

Questions on Properties of Stars:
01.  What is a binary star?
02.  Approximately how many stars are there in the solar neighborhood?
03.  What is a constellation?
04.  When and where did the constellations originate?
05.  The star name "gamma Orionis"  is nomenclature in whose catalog and when did this originate?
06.  If the measured parallax of a star is 0.12 arcsecs., what is the distance of the star in pc?
07. What is trigonometric parallax?
08. What is the maximum distance a star can have and yet its parallax can be reliably be  measured?
09. What is a parsec?
10. What is the heliocentric distance of a star that has a measured parallax of 0.003 arcseconds.?
11.  What is the apparent magnitude of the faintest stars that the unaided can see?
12.  What is the brightess ratio of 2 stars that differ in brightness by 1 magnitude?
13.  What is the magnitude of a star that is 100 times brighter than magnitude 12.5?
14. Star A has apparent magnitude m = 7.05 while star B has m =9.05.  Which star is brighter
        and by how many times?

16.   What is the difference between apparent brightness and intrinsic brightness?
17.  What are the physical properties of a star that determines its intrinsic brightness